Exploring the Materials and Crafting of Cymbals: Understanding Sound and Durability
Cymbals are not just accessories for drummers; they are integral instruments that contribute significantly to the sound and dynamics of a musical performance. The composition of cymbals, their construction, and the methods of crafting them are carefully considered to achieve the desired tone, durability, and aesthetic appeal. This article delves into what materials are used to create cymbals and how they are crafted, providing a comprehensive understanding of these musical tools.
Materials Used in Cymbal Production
The choice of materials used in the creation of cymbals is crucial, and it directly impacts their sound quality and physical characteristics. Typically, cymbals are made from copper alloys, which offer desirable sound properties. The main bronze alloys used in cymbal manufacturing include:
1. Bell Bronze
Bell bronze is one of the most common materials used in cymbal production. It is a copper-based alloy that contains a specific ratio of tin and is known for its rich reverberant sound and warmth. The exact composition of cymbal bronze varies, but the most common and highly regarded is the B20 bronze alloy, which consists of 20% tin and 80% copper.
2. Malleable Bronze
Malleable bronze is another alloy used in cymbal making. It is more flexible than standard bronze and can be hammered to specific shapes without breaking. This material is often used to create specialty cymbals and cymbal props due to its enhanced durability.
3. Brass
Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc, is less commonly used for cymbals today. Historically, it was more prevalent, but the superior sound quality of bronze has made it the preferred choice for student models and general-purpose cymbals.
4. Nickel Silver
Nickel silver, also known as alloys containing nickel, is used in older student models and specialty cymbals. Despite its good tone, it is not as durable as other materials. This alloy is often used in cymbals where a specific sound quality is required, and durability is not the primary concern.
The Craftsmanship of Cymbals
The process of crafting cymbals involves several intricate steps, from the selection of materials to the final lathing. Here is a detailed overview of the cymbal-making process:
1. Metal Slabs Preparation
Small metal slabs are heated in a kiln in a crucible to form a blob of cymbal-metal alloy. The blob is then heated and rolled flat using mechanical steel rollers. This process creates a thin, flat, round cymbal "blank" that is ready for further processing.
2. Circular Edge and Bell Formation
Machines are used to cut a circular edge around the cymbal-blank to make it a circle. The bell is hammered into the center, and the center hole is punched.
3. Lathing
The cymbals are lathed from the center to the outside edge across their top and bottom surfaces. This process gives a ribbed texture and a bright shine to the cymbal. The lathing process is essential for achieving the desired sustain and clarity of the cymbal's sound.
4. Fine Tuning and Hammering
Finally, a cymbal specialist might hand or machine hammer the cymbal carefully all around to give it more tone response and sustain. This final step ensures that the cymbal meets the desired specifications and performs as expected in musical settings.
Common Cymbal Manufacturing
Well-known cymbal manufacturers, such as Zildjians, use a combination of copper, gold, brass, and silver in their crafting process. The exact ratio and composition vary, and the method of crafting each cymbal can take several weeks, making these instruments highly sought after. Each cymbal is handcrafted by skilled artisans, contributing to their superior quality and long lifespan. Zildjians, for example, have been reported to last up to 30 years without cracking or denting, making them a worthwhile investment for professional musicians.
The Importance of Sound and Durability
While the sound quality is the primary factor in choosing cymbals, durability is also crucial. Cymbals need to be able to withstand the force of drumsticks and mallets while producing a clear, resonant tone. The sound of a cymbal depends on its composition and craftsmanship. Lathed cymbals, for instance, often have good response and full sustain, while unlathed cymbals can have a tinny sound and may not sustain as well.
The type of cymbal affects not only the sound but also the price. Some cymbals, like Zildjians, use secret mixtures of metals that enhance their sound quality, making them the most expensive but highly regarded options. Other cymbals, such as those made primarily of bronze, are preferred by many drummers for their rich tone and durability.
Understanding the materials and manufacturing process of cymbals helps in making informed choices when selecting musical instruments. Whether you are a beginner or a professional, knowledge about the components and craftsmanship of cymbals enhances your appreciation of the role they play in creating the perfect musical experience.