The History of the Title Duke of Cambridge: From Earl to the Modern Era
The title Duke of Cambridge has a rich and complex history tracing back to the 14th century, with various holders throughout the centuries. This article delves into its historical evolution, highlighting key figures and significant events that shaped the title.
Origins: The First Earl of Cambridge
The title Duke of Cambridge, as we know it today, did not originate as a dukedom in its early days. The first individual to hold the title was William V, Duke of Jülich, who was given the title in the mid-14th century. He was a key ally of King Edward III during the early stages of the Hundred Years' War. The title was not heritable, suggesting it was bestowed as a form of recognition rather than a hereditary honor.
The House of York: Later Titles
The next recorded creation of the title came in 1362 when Edmund of Langley, the fourth surviving son of King Edward III, was made Earl of Cambridge. His descendants held the title until the 4th Duke, Edward, who seized the throne in 1461, with his titles merging with the crown. This marked a significant period when the title was tied to the royal lineage.
The Stuart Era: James VI I to Charles II
King James VI and I bestowed the title upon the Scottish Duke of Hamilton in 1619. However, the Hamilton line died out in 1651, ending this period. King Charles II then granted the title to his youngest brother, Henry, who became Duke of Gloucester and Earl of Cambridge in 1659 in anticipation of the restoration of the monarchy. Unfortunately, Henry died the following year, and the title remained dormant.
Successive Dukes: From George to Prince William
A series of promotions during the reign of Charles II saw several sons of James Duke of York made Dukes of Cambridge. However, none of them lived long enough to retain the title. The next Duke of Cambridge was Georg August, Electoral Prince of Hanover, who later became King George II of Great Britain. He was granted the title in 1705 and it merged with the crown when he ascended to the throne in 1727.
Prince Adolphus, the youngest surviving son of King George III, was created Duke of Cambridge in 1801. He had a primarily military career and later served as Viceroy in Hanover from 1816 to 1837. The situation changed in 1837 when the Kingdom of Hanover was separated from Great Britain due to Salic Law, preventing its inheritance by a woman. Consequently, Adolphus’ brother Ernst August became King of Hanover, and Victoria became Queen of the United Kingdom. Adolphus, the Duke of Cambridge, passed away in 1850, and his son George succeeded him as the 2nd Duke of Cambridge.
The 2nd Duke of Cambridge was a prominent military figure and Commander-in-Chief of the British Army. He was known for resisting modernization within the army until it became obsolete. He believed in a rigid seniority-based promotion system and lived until 1904, with three illegitimate sons.
Modern Era: Prince William
Prince William of Wales was granted the title Duke of Cambridge upon his marriage in 2011. This recent addition to the title marks a significant shift towards modern royal titles and reflects the evolution of the monarchy.
Throughout the title's history, it has seen significant changes in its status and representation within the British monarchy. From its humble origins as an earldom to its current prominence, the Duke of Cambridge continues to play a crucial role in British royal tradition.