The Viking Occupation and Settlement of the British Isles: A Comprehensive Analysis
The British Isles have a rich and complex history, with the Vikings playing a significant role during their numerous raids and subsequent settlements. This article delves into how much of the British Isles the Vikings actually occupied, both during their raids and through permanent settlements.
The Vikings' Involvement in England
During their raids, the Vikings, primarily Norwegians and Normans, established themselves in various parts of England. They settled in Yorkshire, Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmorland. Interestingly, there remains a Viking Museum located in York, a city that has a strong historical connection with the Vikings. This museum highlights the cultural impact and influence the Vikings had on English cities.
Another interesting aspect of Viking influence is found in the regional language and geography of the North of England. Terms such as 'Fell' and 'Beck' are derived directly from the Norwegian 'Fjall' and 'Bekk', respectively. These words are still used today and serve as a tangible link to the Viking past. Fifty years ago, it was noted that when Geordie fishermen from the area around Newcastle upon Tyne encountered Norwegian fishermen in the North Sea, they could converse with mutual understanding, highlighting the lasting impact of the Vikings on language and community.
The Danish Occupation
The Vikings were primarily Danish pirates who would pillage and then leave. However, some Danish colonists established a more permanent presence in the northern and eastern regions of England. The Northern Isles, including Orkney and Shetland, saw significant Danish settlements. Additionally, coastal regions of Ireland, particularly the area known as the Isle of Man, and even Normandy, the land of the Norsemen, were also sites of Viking presence.
Under Alfred the Great, the Danes were largely contained to the northern and eastern parts of England, with a line along Watling Street delineating the boundary between the English and the Danelaw. After his grandson AEthelstan and his granddaughter AEthelfl?d, the Danes were overthrown, leading to the unification of England as a single kingdom for the first time. However, the Danes regained their power under Cnut the Great, who defeated Edmund Ironside, son of Ethelred the Unruly.
Despite the dramatic fluctuation of power, the English eventually regained control through default, as Cnut's sons died childless without an heir. Ultimately, after the Norman Conquest in 1066, the Norsemen and Normans together occupied the entire of England.
Conclusion
The Vikings played a crucial role in shaping the history of the British Isles. Their raids and permanent settlements left a lasting impact on the language, culture, and geography of the area. Today, museums like the Viking Museum in York serve as testaments to their enduring legacy.