Why Was Sher Shah Suri a Threat to Humayun and the Mughal Empire?

During the early 16th century, a significant tussle emerged between the Suri dynasty, led by Sher Shah Suri, and the Mughal Empire, particularly the reign of Humayun. This conflict was a crucial phase in the larger Mughal-Afghan rivalry, with subsequent wars between Humayun and Sher Shah's descendants marking the continuation of this intricate political landscape.

Background and Context

Humayun, the ruler of the Mughal Empire after the death of his father Babur, faced internal and external threats during his reign. In 1534 AD, the Battle of Surojgar resulted in increased power for Sher Shah Suri. Realizing the potential threat, Humayun took steps to diminish Sher Shah's influence in Eastern India.

The Battle for Eastern India

Sher Shah sought to gain control over Bengal, a region rich in resources and strategically important. In 1535 AD, he invaded Bengal with a series of tactical maneuvers, forcing Sultan Mahmud Shah tocede 13 lakh gold coins and the area from Keul to Sakrigali Ghat. However, Sher Shah's primary objective was to claim the throne of Bengal. In 1537 AD, he launched another offensive against Gaur, the capital of Bengal.

Humayun's Response and the Siege of Chuna

Understanding the growing power of Sher Shah, Humayun decided to take action. Utilizing the opportunity afforded by Sher Shah's campaign in Bengal, Humayun attacked Chuna, Sher Shah's stronghold. Sher Shah responded with extraordinary tactics, abandoning Gaur to confront the Mughal forces. He invaded Bihar and occupied Rotas, Jainpur, and Kanauj, representing a direct threat to Mughal rule in Agra. This action isolated Humayun in Bengal, leaving him in a precarious position.

The Battle of Chausa

Sensing the danger, Humayun sought to return to Delhi but was intercepted at the village of Chausa on the banks of the Ganges. In the Battle of Chausa, Sher Shah's army decisively defeated the Mughal forces. Humayun barely managed to cross the Ganges and escape. This defeat further weakened the Mughal Empire, with Humayun's capital, Agra, effectively severed from Bengal.

The Aftermath and Sher Shah's Ascent

Realizing the serious threat posed by Sher Shah, Humayun returned to Agra and reorganized his army. In 1540 AD, a decisive battle took place near Kanouj in the Battle of Billagram. Sher Shah once again emerged victorious, and Humayun fled the battlefield. Humayun persevered but found little support, with no one willing to risk Sher Shah's wrath by offering safe haven.

Fearing retribution, Humayun fled to various havens, all to no avail due to the looming threat of Sher Shah Suri. The Mughal Empire's hold over India slipped, and Sher Shah Suri consolidated his dominance, eventually accepting the title of Sultani-e Adil.

Conclusion

Humayun's reign faced numerous challenges, and the threat posed by Sher Shah Suri was one of the most critical. The conflict between Humayun and Sher Shah Suri represents a significant chapter in the history of the Mughal Empire and the broader Afghan and Mughal rivalry.

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